The Carina Nebula - A Birthplace Of Stars

Could dark energy be caused by frozen neutrinos?

“Since its discovery in 1998, the accelerated expansion has lacked a compelling, simple explanation that didn’t hypothesize a completely new set of forces, properties or interactions. If you wanted a scalar field — a quintessence model — it had to be finely tuned. But in a very clever paper just submitted yesterday by Fergus Simpson, Raul Jimenez, Carlos Pena-Garay, and Licia Verde, they note that if a generic scalar field couples to the neutrinos we have in our Universe, that fine-tuning goes away, and that scalar field will automatically begin behaving as a cosmological constant: as energy inherent to space itself.”

The accelerated expansion of our Universe was one of the biggest surprise discoveries of all-time, and something that still lacks a good physical explanation. While many models of dark energy exist, it remains a completely phenomenological study: everything appears consistent with a cosmological constant, but nothing appears to be a good motivator for why the Universe should have one. Until now, that is! In a new paper by Fergus Simpson, Raul Jimenez, Carlos Pena-Garay and Licia Verde, they note that any generic scalar field that couples to the neutrino sector would dynamically and stably give rise to a type of dark energy that’s indistinguishable from what we’ve observed. The huge advance is that this scenario doesn’t require any fine-tuning, thanks to this dark energy arising from neutrinos “freezing,” or becoming non-relativistic. In addition, there are experimental signatures to look for to confirm it, too, in the form of neutrinoless double-beta decay!

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SwRI’s Parker discovers moon over Makemake in the Kuiper Belt A Southwest Research Institute-led team has discovered an elusive, dark moon orbiting Makemake, one of the “big four” dwarf planets populating the Kuiper Belt region at the edge of our solar system. The findings are detailed in the paper “Discovery of a Makemakean Moon,” published in the June 27 issue of Astrophysical Journal Letters.

“Makemake’s moon proves that there are still wild things waiting to be discovered, even in places people have already looked,” said Dr. Alex Parker, lead author of the paper and the SwRI astronomer credited with discovering the satellite. Parker spotted a faint point of light close to the dwarf planet using data from Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3. “Makemake’s moon – nicknamed MK2 – is very dark, 1,300 times fainter than the dwarf planet.”

A nearly edge-on orbital configuration helped it evade detection, placing it deep within the glare of the icy dwarf during a substantial fraction of its orbit. Makemake is one of the largest and brightest known Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), second only to Pluto. The moon is likely less than 100 miles wide while its parent dwarf planet is about 870 miles across. Discovered in 2005, Makemake is shaped like football and sheathed in frozen methane.

“With a moon, we can calculate Makemake’s mass and density,” Parker said. “We can contrast the orbits and properties of the parent dwarf and its moon, to understand the origin and history of the system. We can compare Makemake and its moon to other systems, and broaden our understanding of the processes that shaped the evolution of our solar system.”

With the discovery of MK2, all four of the currently designated dwarf planets are known to host one or more satellites. The fact that Makemake’s satellite went unseen despite previous searches suggests that other large KBOs may host hidden moons.

Prior to this discovery, the lack of a satellite for Makemake suggested that it had escaped a past giant impact. Now, scientists will be looking at its density to determine if it was formed by a giant collision or if it was grabbed by the parent dwarf’s gravity. The apparent ubiquity of moons orbiting KBO dwarf planets supports the idea that giant collisions are a near-universal fixture in the histories of these distant worlds.

top Image: illustration shows Makemake’s bright red surface and the inferred darker surface of the moon, known as MK2. Image Courtesy of NASA/SwRI/Alex Parker

lower Image: Different views of the Makemake system taken two days apart. Image Courtesy of NASA/Hubble WFC3/SwRI/Alex Parker

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Helix nebula

js

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Baobab & Milky Way

A baobab tree and the central band of the Milky Way galaxy in the village of Antsiraraka in Madagscar, July 2010.

Credit: Florian Breuer

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NASA & TRAPPIST-1: A Treasure Trove of Planets Found

Seven Earth-sized planets have been observed by NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope around a tiny, nearby, ultra-cool dwarf star called TRAPPIST-1. Three of these planets are firmly in the habitable zone. 

Over 21 days, NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope measured the drop in light as each planet passed in front of the star. Spitzer was able to identify a total of seven rocky worlds, including three in the habitable zone, where liquid water might be found. 

The video features interviews with Sean Carey, manager of the Spitzer Science Center, Caltech/IPAC; Nikole Lewis, James Webb Space Telescope project scientist, Space Telescope Science Institute; and Michaël Gillon, principal investigator, TRAPPIST, University of Liege, Belgium. The system has been revealed through observations from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope and the ground-based TRAPPIST (TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope) telescope, as well as other ground-based observatories. The system was named for the TRAPPIST telescope. 

NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, manages the Spitzer Space Telescope mission for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center at Caltech in Pasadena. Spacecraft operations are based at Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, Littleton, Colorado. Data are archived at the Infrared Science Archive housed at Caltech/IPAC. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. For more information about Spitzer, visit http://www.nasa.gov/spitzer and http://spitzer.caltech.edu.

Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

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What would happen if two galaxies or black holes became one?

Hi there!

Astronomers have had the opportunity to observe galaxies colliding so they have been able to learn more about them!

In a galaxy collision, although quite violent, nothing usually happens to the stars or any solar systems! This is due to the vast spaces between stars. Usually the friction and gravitational interactions between the galaxies is what makes it violent. Our very own Milky Way galaxy is on collision course for the Andromeda Galaxy. It’s predicted that nothing will happen to our solar system, that we will just be flung into another part of the galaxy!

Black holes on the other hand are much more violent. Astronomers haven’t actually witnessed black holes colliding, but through computer simulations they’ve been able to simulate it!

The collision begins once they come too close to each other to escape each other’s gravity. Once that happens they’ll spiral towards each other until they eventually collide. Since it’s so violent they actually send ripples into space time!

Hope that helped! If not, feel free to ask me anything else :) xx

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i get a LOT of questions about time management and getting better grades so i decided to put a boat load of advice and links in one place :]

time management methods

start a bullet journal ( +mine / +insp )

the 5 day study plan - it works!

schedule blocks of study time

use excel to schedule study

how to schedule study

the sticky note method

an app that organizes time for u

15 ways to beat procrastination

balancing multiple AP classes

decision making and time management

use the pomodoro technique

the task box prioritizing method

how to cram a lot of information in

get organized!!!!!

make and use a syllabible

great organization advice

organize ur study space

more tips on study spaces

basic organization tips

cute infographic

printable planner sheets

simple 2 pocket folder method

study methods!!!

watch youtube crashcourses

best study tips ever tbh

tips on memorizing effectively

add color for visual interest

make cause and effect diagrams

making good flashcards

create summary foldables

margin note taking

the 2 notebook method

for when ur not motivated

reading long textbook passages

studying for a test ooh

basic note taking

+note taking tips

note taking in microsoft word

bs study guide

how to plan out an essay

more essay planning

annotating literature for english

how to make concept maps

really interesting way of studying

shit load of study methods

web resources!!!!

search engine that plants trees!

to do list web program

bedtime calculator [avoid grogginess]

the dictionaries u need omg

how to pull an all nighter

advice on how to properly use google

final grade calculator

>100 places to download literature

cute af school supply list

alternatives to overpriced textbooks

rly this is better than google

best writing checker ever its my fave

free academic journals for research

AP cramming packets

every website to make a bibliography

online used book store

mind map making software from tufts

khanacademy aka bless this site

stop procrastinating websites

free powerpoint

awesome synonym finder

apps u need to download!!!

google chrome app i love it

taking digital notes

like 14 useful school apps

attn: all writers get this

super cute time manager

>9 different studying apps

post it note app

study + give water to needy!!

relaxation n meditation help

sat help!!!!!

all kinds of essential vocab [2k+]

big collection of links

v solid page with lots of references

rly good advice imo

how to do well on the sat

general big exam advices

stress reliefs!!!!

rly good study snacks

badass instrumental playlist!

finish ur essay songs!

+all my fave study playlists!

treat urself on a low budget

read some rad articles

teach urself computer science

take the 10 day study challenge

rip some crap online

good things to do in study breaks

+100 more things in study breaks

if u tired and uninspired

avoid student burnout

watch a ton of broadway musicals

nice things for urself

anxiety relieving background sound

+masterposts!!!

back to school advice

productive summers

note taking methods

starting a study blog

time managements

succeed @ school

ap world history

study instagram

web resources

ap psychology

bullet journals

school advice

happy things

ace ur exams

study sounds

stress reliefs

annotations

essay writin

study 101

printables

sat help

+more

i hope some of this was helpful ~ i also have a youtube channel and instagram account with a whole bunch of study resources!!!!  ~ xoxo sareena

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Antibodies are the secreted form of B-lymphocyte receptors and are a part of adaptive immunity, but how are these proteins formed?

Above is a diagram illustrating Paul Ehlrich’s Side Chain Theory of Antibody Formation. Ehlrich proposed that immunoglobulin molecules, a fundamental component of adaptive immunity, served as membrane bound proteins that bound to particular threats, similarly to the former “key in lock” view of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions. Ehrlich also suggested that the action of binding a pathogenic molecule to the receptor would generate a signal to stimulate the production of more receptors of the same specificity. These “side chains” that were added on would then break off from the cell surface and become what we call antibodies.

 We now know, however, that soluble immunoglobulin receptors are specially manufactured to be secreted as antibody, rather than just “breaking off” of the lymphocyte, even though they have the same specificity as their membrane-bound counterparts.

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Carina Nebula Rosette Nebula Heart Nebula Fairy Pillar Nebula Orion Nebula Eagle Nebula Flame Vista Nebula Crab Nebula 

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Oculus Superum, Red Nebula

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