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5 Unpredictable Things Swift Has Studied (and 1 It’s Still Looking For)

Our Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory — Swift for short — is celebrating its 20th anniversary! The satellite studies cosmic objects and events using visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray light. Swift plays a key role in our efforts to observe our ever-changing universe. Here are a few cosmic surprises Swift has caught over the years — plus one scientists hope to see.

This sequence shows X-rays from the initial flash of GRB 221009A that could be detected for weeks as dust in our galaxy scattered the light back to us. This resulted in the appearance of an extraordinary set of expanding rings, here colored magenta, with a bright yellow spot at the center. The images were captured over 12 days by the X-ray Telescope aboard NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. Credit: NASA/Swift/A. Beardmore (University of Leicester)

#BOAT

Swift was designed to detect and study gamma-ray bursts, the most powerful explosions in the universe. These bursts occur all over the sky without warning, with about one a day detected on average. They also usually last less than a minute – sometimes less than a few seconds – so you need a telescope like Swift that can quickly spot and precisely locate these new events.

In the fall of 2022, for example, Swift helped study a gamma-ray burst nicknamed the BOAT, or brightest of all time. The image above depicts X-rays Swift detected for 12 days after the initial flash. Dust in our galaxy scattered the X-ray light back to us, creating an extraordinary set of expanding rings.

This gif illustrates what happens when an unlucky star strays too close to a monster black hole. Gravitational forces create intense tides that break the star apart into a stream of gas. The trailing part of the stream escapes the system, while the leading part swings back around, surrounding the black hole with a disk of debris. This cataclysmic phenomenon is called a tidal disruption event. This image is watermarked “Artist’s concept.” Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Smith (USRA/GESTAR)

Star meets black hole

Tidal disruptions happen when an unlucky star strays too close to a black hole. Gravitational forces break the star apart into a stream of gas, as seen above. Some of the gas escapes, but some swings back around the black hole and creates a disk of debris that orbits around it.

These events are rare. They only occur once every 10,000 to 100,000 years in a galaxy the size of our Milky Way. Astronomers can’t predict when or where they’ll pop up, but Swift’s quick reflexes have helped it observe several tidal disruption events in other galaxies over its 20-year career.

This gif illustrates various features of a galaxy's outburst. The black hole in the center is surrounded by a puffy orange disk of gas and dust. Above and below the center of the disk are blue cones representing the corona. At the start of the sequence, a flash of purple-white light travels from the edges of the disk inward, until the whole thing is illuminated. That light fades and then there is a flare of blue light above and below the center. This image is watermarked “Artist’s concept.” Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

Active galaxies

Usually, we think of galaxies – and most other things in the universe – as changing so slowly that we can’t see the changes. But about 10% of the universe’s galaxies are active, which means their black hole-powered centers are very bright and have a lot going on. They can produce high-speed particle jets or flares of light. Sometimes scientists can catch and watch these real-time changes.

For example, for several years starting in 2018, Swift and other telescopes observed changes in a galaxy’s X-ray and ultraviolet light that led them to think the galaxy’s magnetic field had flipped 180 degrees.

This animation depicts a giant flare on the surface of a magnetar. The object’s glowing surface, covered in swirls of lighter and darker blue, fills the lower right corner of the image. The powerful magnetic field surrounding this stellar corpse is represented by thin white speckled loops that arc off the surface and continue past the edges of the image. A starquake rocks the surface of the magnetar, abruptly affecting its magnetic field and producing a quick, powerful pulse of X-rays and gamma rays, represented by a magenta glow. The event also ejects electrons and positrons traveling at about 99% the speed of light. These are represented by a blue blob, which follows the gamma rays heading towards the upper left and off-screen. The image is watermarked “Artist’s concept.” Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Smith (USRA/GESTAR)

Magnetic star remnants

Magnetars are a type of neutron star, a very dense leftover of a massive star that exploded in a supernova. Magnetars have the strongest magnetic fields we know of — up to 10 trillion times more intense than a refrigerator magnet and a thousand times stronger than a typical neutron star’s.

Occasionally, magnetars experience outbursts related to sudden changes in their magnetic fields that can last for months or even years. Swift detected such an outburst from a magnetar in 2020. The satellite’s X-ray observations helped scientists determine that the city-sized object was rotating once every 10.4 seconds.

This gif shows six snapshots of comet 2I/Borisov as it traveled through our solar system. They were captured with the Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope aboard NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. The first four images are a dark purple color with streaks of white traveling across them. Borisov is a faint white smudge in the center. The fifth image has a blue background with the same white streaks. The last image is just the blue background. The image is watermarked with “Ultraviolet” on the left side. On the right are rotating labels showing the date of each snapshot: Sept 27, Nov 1, Dec 1, Dec 21, Jan 14, Feb 17. Credit: NASA/Swift/Z. Xing et al. 2020

Comets

Swift has also studied comets in our own solar system. Comets are town-sized snowballs of frozen gases, rock, and dust. When one gets close to our Sun, it heats up and spews dust and gases into a giant glowing halo.

In 2019, Swift watched a comet called 2I/Borisov. Using ultraviolet light, scientists calculated that Borisov lost enough water to fill 92 Olympic-size swimming pools! (Another interesting fact about Borisov: Astronomers think it came from outside our solar system.)

This animation shows a spacecraft, NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, in orbit above Earth. Swift is composed of a long cylinder at the center, wrapped in golden foil. At the front of the cylinder is a silver sunshade protruding over several telescopes. Two black solar arrays are attached on either side of the cylinder, extending like wings. The animation begins with a view of Swift with Earth in the background. Then the camera pans along one side of the spacecraft until Swift is seen looking out into space. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab

What's next for Swift?

Swift has studied a lot of cool events and objects over its two decades, but there are still a few events scientists are hoping it’ll see.

Swift is an important part of a new era of astrophysics called multimessenger astronomy, which is where scientists use light, particles, and space-time ripples called gravitational waves to study different aspects of cosmic events.

A cartoon of different cosmic messengers. On top are particles, which show as four different colored dots that have trails appearing behind them, evoking movement. In the middle is light, which is shown as a wave moving through space. On the bottom are gravitational waves. These are shown as a series of ovals that expand and contract in sequence to evoke the feeling of an elastic tube that is growing and shrinking in width. The image is watermarked “Artist’s concept.” Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

In 2017, Swift and other observatories detected light and gravitational waves from the same event, a gamma-ray burst, for the first time. But what astronomers really want is to detect all three messengers from the same event.

As Swift enters its 20th year, it’ll keep watching the ever-changing sky.

Keep up with Swift through NASA Universe on X, Facebook, and Instagram. And make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space!

magic is everywhere

The Mythical Fox // Dennis Lehtonen

The mythical fox // Dennis Lehtonen

In Finnish the word for northern lights is ”revontulet” and it directly translates to ”fox fires.” According to the old mythology when it runs along the tundra, the fox’s flaming tail sweeps snowflakes into the sky and the fur scratches the trees, setting the skies on fire. That is how the northern lights are created. 

Balance. :)

Balance. :)

(And also the high priestress of the Lämp!) Markers on bristol paper, done and scanned.  

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Someone dropped a paper somewhere.

Can an AI gain consciousness?
academia.edu
In response to the allegations made by an AI engineer that a linguistic model exhibits sentience, both "authorities" and Google re

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Bye Twitter! Hello, (again) Tumblr! I am back after years!

Bye Twitter! Hello, (again) Tumblr! I Am Back After Years!
Petr Horálek On Instagram

Petr Horálek on Instagram

Em homenagem ao renomado cientista Humberto Maturana, que nos deixou em 6 de maio de 2021, lembremos de sua vida e legado marcantes. Nascido no Chile, Maturana iniciou sua jornada acadêmica na Universidade do Chile, onde desenvolveu um profundo interesse pela biologia. Sua paixão pelo estudo da vida o levou a buscar conhecimento além das fronteiras do seu país.

Maturana teve a oportunidade de aprimorar sua formação em neurofisiologia no University College London, com uma bolsa da Fundação Rockefeller. Mais tarde, ele prosseguiu seus estudos na Universidade de Harvard, onde obteve seu doutorado em Biologia. Sua busca incessante pelo entendimento da complexidade da vida o levou a colaborar com Jerome Lettvin no Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts (MIT). Com ele, Maturana foi co-autor da mais icônica publicação de Lettvin, “What the frog’s eyes tells the frog’s brain?”.

Após suas experiências internacionais, Maturana retornou ao Chile para ocupar uma cátedra em sua alma mater, a Universidade do Chile. Lá, ele continuou a influenciar a comunidade científica e intelectual por décadas. Sua abordagem inovadora para entender a natureza da vida e a percepção humana deixou uma marca indelével na biologia e além.

Um marco significativo em sua carreira foi a parceria com Francisco Varela na criação do conceito revolucionário da “autopoiese” no livro “De máquinas y seres vivos: Una teoría sobre la organización biológica” (1973). A teoria da autopoiese descreve a capacidade dos seres vivos de se autorreproduzirem e se manterem como entidades organizadas. Essa ideia inovadora foi um avanço fundamental no entendimento da complexidade da vida e teve um impacto profundo em diversas áreas do conhecimento.

Além das suas contribuições na área da biologia e da teoria da autopoiese, Humberto Maturana também é reconhecido por suas visões precursoras sobre cognição e inteligência, que atualmente desempenham um papel fundamental no estudo da inteligência artificial.

Ao longo de sua carreira, Maturana explorou a natureza da cognição humana e questionou as noções tradicionais de inteligência. Ele argumentou que a cognição não é apenas um processo mental individual, mas está enraizada na interação entre um organismo e o seu ambiente. Essa perspectiva revolucionária influenciou o campo da ciência cognitiva e estabeleceu as bases para uma compreensão mais profunda da inteligência.

Maturana antecipou conceitos que hoje são amplamente discutidos, como a importância do contexto na cognição, a relevância da autorganização na inteligência e a ideia de que a inteligência não é exclusivamente humana. Sua abordagem holística e sua ênfase na relação entre o organismo e o ambiente ajudaram a moldar os estudos sobre inteligência artificial, inspirando pesquisadores a considerarem a interação e a adaptação dos sistemas inteligentes ao seu contexto.

A compreensão de Maturana sobre cognição e inteligência oferece insights valiosos para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de inteligência artificial mais sofisticados. Seu trabalho desafia as abordagens tradicionais, destacando a importância de considerar o contexto, a dinâmica dos sistemas vivos e a interação entre diferentes agentes.

Assim, o legado intelectual de Humberto Maturana transcende os limites da biologia, impactando profundamente o estudo da cognição e inteligência. Sua visão pioneira e suas contribuições continuam a influenciar e inspirar cientistas, pesquisadores e estudiosos que buscam desvendar os segredos da mente e criar sistemas de inteligência artificial mais eficazes e adaptáveis.

Por fim, é importante mencionar que Humberto Maturana desenvolveu uma abordagem da biologia da cognição que não se limitava apenas aos aspectos teóricos, mas também tinha profundas implicações éticas e filosóficas. Sua visão estava firmemente ancorada em uma ética participativa e coletiva, na qual o compartilhamento de um mundo emocional desempenha um papel fundamental.

Maturana acreditava que o afeto é um elemento central que nos conecta a todos os seres vivos e influencia nossas interações com o mundo ao nosso redor. Essa perspectiva ressalta a importância de considerarmos não apenas a dimensão cognitiva, mas também as dimensões emocionais e relacionais da nossa existência.

Ao destacar a importância do afeto e do compartilhamento de um mundo emocional, Maturana nos convida a refletir sobre como nossas ações e escolhas afetam não apenas a nós mesmos, mas também os outros seres vivos e o meio ambiente. Sua abordagem nos lembra da interconexão profunda que temos com o mundo e a responsabilidade que temos de agir de maneira ética e sustentável.

Portanto, o trabalho de Humberto Maturana transcende os limites da ciência e nos convida a repensar nossa relação com o mundo e com os outros seres vivos. Sua visão holística, ancorada na ética participativa e no compartilhamento de um mundo emocional, nos lembra da importância de cultivarmos uma consciência coletiva e de buscarmos formas mais harmoniosas e responsáveis de interagir com o nosso planeta e com todas as formas de vida que o habitam.

Humberto Maturana será sempre lembrado como um dos pensadores mais brilhantes e visionários da nossa era. Sua dedicação em explorar os mistérios da vida, combinada com sua habilidade de comunicar ideias complexas de forma clara e acessível, inspirou inúmeras mentes ao redor do mundo. Sua influência continua a ecoar nas áreas da biologia, neurociência, filosofia e outras disciplinas relacionadas.

Hoje, prestamos nossa sincera homenagem a Humberto Maturana e seu impacto duradouro no campo científico e intelectual. Sua busca por compreender a vida de maneira holística e suas contribuições para a teoria da autopoiese continuarão a guiar as mentes curiosas e inspirar novas descobertas. Que sua memória e seu legado continuem a iluminar o caminho para futuras gerações de cientistas e estudiosos.

Em Homenagem Ao Renomado Cientista Humberto Maturana, Que Nos Deixou Em 6 De Maio De 2021, Lembremos
This Meme But Its Just Horikashi

this meme but its just horikashi

There Is No Need To Dance Anymore, I’m Told. 
There Is No Need To Dance Anymore, I’m Told. 
There Is No Need To Dance Anymore, I’m Told. 
There Is No Need To Dance Anymore, I’m Told. 

There is no need to dance anymore, I’m told. 

There never was a need to dance in the first place, but it gave us joy, hope, happiness… It gave us a soul. 

And I laugh at the mere thought of stopping.

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Dragons In The Modern World I
Dragons In The Modern World I
Dragons In The Modern World I
Dragons In The Modern World I
Dragons In The Modern World I

Dragons in the modern world I

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Baldolino Calvino. Ecological economist. Professor of Historia Naturalis Phantastica, Tír na nÓg University, Uí Breasail. I am a third order simulacrum and a heteronym.

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