Bonnie’s .38 Revolver Which Was A Gift From Clyde. The Engraving Says “to Bonnie I Owe You One. Clyde

The 4 Elements of Laika - My Tribute to Laika Studios

Coraline - Water

Norman - Earth

Eggs - Fire

Kubo - Air

Black Holes are NICER Than You Think!

We’re learning more every day about black holes thanks to one of the instruments aboard the International Space Station! Our Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) instrument is keeping an eye on some of the most mysterious cosmic phenomena.

We’re going to talk about some of the amazing new things NICER is showing us about black holes. But first, let’s talk about black holes — how do they work, and where do they come from? There are two important types of black holes we’ll talk about here: stellar and supermassive. Stellar mass black holes are three to dozens of times as massive as our Sun while supermassive black holes can be billions of times as massive!

Stellar black holes begin with a bang — literally! They are one of the possible objects left over after a large star dies in a supernova explosion. Scientists think there are as many as a billion stellar mass black holes in our Milky Way galaxy alone!

Supermassive black holes have remained rather mysterious in comparison. Data suggest that supermassive black holes could be created when multiple black holes merge and make a bigger one. Or that these black holes formed during the early stages of galaxy formation, born when massive clouds of gas collapsed billions of years ago. There is very strong evidence that a supermassive black hole lies at the center of all large galaxies, as in our Milky Way.

Imagine an object 10 times more massive than the Sun squeezed into a sphere approximately the diameter of New York City — or cramming a billion trillion people into a car! These two examples give a sense of how incredibly compact and dense black holes can be.

Because so much stuff is squished into such a relatively small volume, a black hole’s gravity is strong enough that nothing — not even light — can escape from it. But if light can’t escape a dark fate when it encounters a black hole, how can we “see” black holes?

Scientists can’t observe black holes directly, because light can’t escape to bring us information about what’s going on inside them. Instead, they detect the presence of black holes indirectly — by looking for their effects on the cosmic objects around them. We see stars orbiting something massive but invisible to our telescopes, or even disappearing entirely!

When a star approaches a black hole’s event horizon — the point of no return — it’s torn apart. A technical term for this is “spaghettification” — we’re not kidding! Cosmic objects that go through the process of spaghettification become vertically stretched and horizontally compressed into thin, long shapes like noodles.

Scientists can also look for accretion disks when searching for black holes. These disks are relatively flat sheets of gas and dust that surround a cosmic object such as a star or black hole. The material in the disk swirls around and around, until it falls into the black hole. And because of the friction created by the constant movement, the material becomes super hot and emits light, including X-rays.  

At last — light! Different wavelengths of light coming from accretion disks are something we can see with our instruments. This reveals important information about black holes, even though we can’t see them directly.

So what has NICER helped us learn about black holes? One of the objects this instrument has studied during its time aboard the International Space Station is the ever-so-forgettably-named black hole GRS 1915+105, which lies nearly 36,000 light-years — or 200 million billion miles — away, in the direction of the constellation Aquila.

Scientists have found disk winds — fast streams of gas created by heat or pressure — near this black hole. Disk winds are pretty peculiar, and we still have a lot of questions about them. Where do they come from? And do they change the shape of the accretion disk?

It’s been difficult to answer these questions, but NICER is more sensitive than previous missions designed to return similar science data. Plus NICER often looks at GRS 1915+105 so it can see changes over time.

NICER’s observations of GRS 1915+105 have provided astronomers a prime example of disk wind patterns, allowing scientists to construct models that can help us better understand how accretion disks and their outflows around black holes work.

NICER has also collected data on a stellar mass black hole with another long name — MAXI J1535-571 (we can call it J1535 for short) — adding to information provided by NuSTAR, Chandra, and MAXI. Even though these are all X-ray detectors, their observations tell us something slightly different about J1535, complementing each other’s data!

This rapidly spinning black hole is part of a binary system, slurping material off its partner, a star. A thin halo of hot gas above the disk illuminates the accretion disk and causes it to glow in X-ray light, which reveals still more information about the shape, temperature, and even the chemical content of the disk. And it turns out that J1535’s disk may be warped!

Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI and Artist: John Kagaya (Hoshi No Techou)

This isn’t the first time we have seen evidence for a warped disk, but J1535’s disk can help us learn more about stellar black holes in binary systems, such as how they feed off their companions and how the accretion disks around black holes are structured.

NICER primarily studies neutron stars — it’s in the name! These are lighter-weight relatives of black holes that can be formed when stars explode. But NICER is also changing what we know about many types of X-ray sources. Thanks to NICER’s efforts, we are one step closer to a complete picture of black holes. And hey, that’s pretty nice!

Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com.

Iggy, DB and Coco in Japan, 1977.

Captain Fantastic (2016)

“It was like a veil hanging before my inner consciousness… was suddenly lifted… and I was Elizabeth Bennet dancing with Mr. Darcy. Every time our hands touched, it was… I think he felt it too.”

Fósforos

…”Mi abuela tenía una teoría muy interesante, decía que si bien todos nacemos con una caja de cerillas en nuestro interior, no las podemos encender solos, necesitamos oxígeno y la ayuda de una vela. Sólo que en este caso, el oxígeno tiene que provenir, por ejemplo, del aliento de la persona amada; la vela puede ser cualquier tipo de alimento, música, caricia, palabra o sonido que haga disparar el detonador y así encender una de las cerillas. Por un momento nos sentiremos deslumbrados por una intensa emoción. Se producirá en nuestro interior un agradable calor que irá desapareciendo poco a poco conforme pase el tiempo, hasta que venga una nueva explosión que haga reavivarlo. Cada persona tiene que descubrir cuáles son sus detonadores para poder vivir, pues la combustión que se produce al encenderse una de ellas es lo que nutre de energía el alma. En otras palabras, esta combustión es su alimento. Si uno no descubre a tiempo cuáles son sus propios detonadores, la caja de cerillas se humedece y ya nunca podremos encender un solo fósforo. - Si eso llega a pasar el alma huye de nuestro cuerpo, camina errante por las tinieblas más profundas tratando vanamente de encontrar alimento por sí misma, ignorante de que sólo el cuerpo que ha dejado inerme, lleno de frío, es el único que podría dárselo. -¡Qué ciertas eran estas palabras! Si alguien lo sabía era ella. Desgraciadamente, tenía que reconocer que sus cerillas estaban llenos de moho y humedad. Nadie podría volver a encender una sola. Lo más lamentable era que ella sí conocía cuáles eran sus detonadores, pero cada vez que había logrado encender un fósforo de los habían apagado inexorablemente. John, como leyéndole el pensamiento, comentó: -Por eso hay que permanecer alejados de personas que tengan un aliento gélido. Su sola presencia podría apagar el fuego más intenso, con los resultados que ya conocemos. Mientras más distancia tomemos de estas personas, será más fácil protegernos de su soplo.-

- Claro que también hay que poner mucho cuidado en ir encendiendo las cerillas una a una. Porque si por una emoción muy fuerte se llegan a encender todas de un solo golpe, producen un resplandor tan fuerte que ilumina más allá de lo que podemos ver normalmente y entonces ante nuestros ojos aparece un túnel esplendoroso que nos muestra el camino que olvidamos al momento de nacer y que nos llama a reencontrar nuestro perdido origen divino. El alma desea reintegrarse al lugar de donde proviene, dejando al cuerpo inerte… Desde que mi abuela murió he tratado de demostrar científicamente esta teoría. Tal vez algún día lo logre……”

Last night i saw declan mckenna and it was so fUn and i am crying

“Al igual que la luz, le atrae la oscuridad. Sabe que en nuestro tiempo se considera ridículo apagar la luz mientras se hace el amor y por eso deja encendida una pequeña lámpara encima de la cama. Pero cuando la penetra, cierra los ojos. El gozo que le inunda requiere oscuridad. Esa oscuridad es pura, limpia, sin imágenes ni visiones, esa oscuridad no tiene final, no tiene fronteras, esa oscuridad es el infinito que cada uno de nosotros lleva dentro de sí.”

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