Causes Of Acute Pancreatitis

Cranial nerves mnemonic

On, on, on, they travelled and found Voldemort guarding very ancient horcruxes.

Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal.

On - Olfactory nerve (CN I)

On - Optic nerve (CN II)

On - Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

They - Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

Travelled - Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

And - Abducens nerve (CN VI)

Found - Facial nerve (CN VII)

Voldermort - Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Guarding - Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Very - Vagus nerve (CN X)

Ancient - Accessory nerve (CN XI)

Horcruxes - Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

clearance = (urine concentration x urine volume passed over time) / plasma concentration

the only useful thing my prof ever taught me for the renal physiology portion of my physiology course is that clearance is calculated by the equation “pissing under the sun” ( C = UV/P)

Carpal bones mnemonic

So Long Till Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb

Scaphoid

Lunate

Triquetrum

Pisiform

Hamate

Capitate

Trapezoid

Trapezium

(going anti-clockwise in this diagram)

Distribution of calcium in the body

Bone calcium (99%)

Ca^2+ and PO4^3+ form hydroxyapatite

Plasma calcium

Diffusible pool

~50% of plasma calcium is free/unbound ionic Ca2+ (physiologically important form)

~10% of plasma calcium is complexed with small molecular weight compounds (citrate, phosphate)

Non-diffusible pool

~40% of plasma calcium is bound to calcium-binding proteins and plasma proteins (albumin)

The body utilises plasma albumin-bound calcium as a circulating reserve

Basic pharmacology of neuromuscular junction

ACh acts on N2 receptors (ligand-gated Na+/K+ receptors)

Block Na+ channels that propagate nerve impulse - local anaesthetics (lidocaine), tetrodotoxin

Inhibit ACh release - tetanus toxin, botulinum toxin

Competitive antagonists - vecuronium

N2 agonists - suxamethonium

Flaccid paralysis

Only cleared by plasma cholinesterase

Reversible anticholinesterases - edrophonium, neostigmine, physostigmine

Block activity of AChE

Diagnose and treat myasthenia gravis and treat glaucoma respectively

Irreversible anticholinesterases - organophosphates (pesticides, nerve gases)

Long-lived flaccid paralysis

Treat with pralidoxime within 10 minutes - cleaves OP-AChE complex

Can - Citrate

I - Isocitrate

Keep - α-Ketoglutarate

Selling - Succinyl-CoA

Sex - Succinate

For - Fumarate

Money - Malate

Officer - Oxaloacetate

oh we are starting my favorite topic in biochemistry the tca cycle because whenever someone’s like :( it’s so hard to remember the intermediates :( i get to tell them about Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money Officer

The renin-angiotensin system that helps regulate the constriction of blood vessels and blood pressure.

Causes of drug-induced lupus

SHIP

Sulfasalazine & Sulfonamide Hydralazine Isoniazid Procainamide & Phenytoin

This is by no means a definitive list (they are many!) but these are some of the most common causes.

Haemosiderin staining

"Haemosiderin staining" describes orange/red/brown skin hyperpigmentation caused by haemosiderin (an iron-containing pigment found in blood) leaking into the skin.

Causes:

Chronic venous insufficiency (in lower legs)

Skin inflammation

Trauma e.g. wound, fracture, surgery

Pigmented purpuric dermatoses

Haemochromatosis

Haemosiderin staining may be exacerbated by anticoagulant use as this increases extravasation (leakage) of red blood cells into the skin.

See an example here.

Common ototoxic medications

"FAV Q&A"

Furosemide (and other loop diuretics) Aminoglycosides Vancomycin Quinine Aspirin